Below is a brief overview of this Project Work.
Format: MS WORD
| Chapters: 1-5
| Pages: 67
USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF SOCIAL STUDIES IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Socialization which is the process of learning and inculcating the correct and acceptable ways of living in a particular society especially by children, is a practical exercise which are imbibed more unconsciously than consciously. The child learns faster when the teaching process engages all his senses rather than just one or at most two. Here we are looking at the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of social studies with a focus on primary schools.
The influence of instructional materials in promoting students’ teaching and learning in educational development is indisputable. Teaching at any level requires that the students be exposed to some form of simulation. Adekunle (2008) noted that an instructional material in social studies means anything that can assist the teacher in promoting teaching and learning. When the students are given the chance to learn through more senses than one, they can learn faster and easier. The use of instructional materials provides the teacher with interesting and compelling platforms for conveying information since they motivate learners to learn more. Furthermore the teacher is assisted in overcoming physical difficulties that could have hindered his effective presentation of a given topic.
Social studies was introduced into the Nigerian school system to achieve one of the philosophies of Nigerian education as indicated in the National Policy on Education which is “the development of the individual into a sound and effective citizen” (FGN, 2004). The realization of this objective through Social studies is possible since the subject is an integrated programme which are taught and learnt in Social studies looks at all aspects of the life of the child in the society. It is further stated in the National Policy on Education (2004) that education is to achieve the inculcation of national consciousness and national unity; the inculcation of the right type of values and attitudes for the survival of the individual and the Nigerian society. Therefore, Social Studies teaching has been a factor in determining whether a society will have democratic attitudes, values, problem-solving and decision-making skills and whether the society will consist of productive and participatory individuals (Ozturk and Otluoglu, 2002; Keeler, 2008). In Social Studies teaching, which is given such an important mission; it is possible to make the learning process easy, enduring and meaningful through the use of instructional materials. Orakwe (2000) refers to instructional materials as information repositories from the society sourced to transfer the desired information to the learners during classroom instruction. Agwu (2001) views Instructional Materials as those apparatus of teaching which may include textbooks, workbooks, charts, audio visual aids, chemicals, specimens and other relevant things that will attract students’ attention, and which should only be introduced at the appropriate time by the teacher.
Instructional materials are software and hardware that are used to make lessons more meaningful and clearer to learners. They are devises that appeal to multi model senses which help the learners conceive, perceive, internalize, interpret and transfer the experiences gained to similar or different learning situations. These materials and equipment, could be those that appeal to the sense of hearing-known as audio material/ equipment those of seeing called visual materials/equipment and those that combine the two senses called audio-visual materials.
The teacher alone cannot provide all the needed condition for an effective teaching and learning process, other supporting materials should be provided. The students learn better when most of the senses are appealed to the instruction and use of instructional materials in Social Studies education has added a new dimension in the positive promotion of the teaching and learning process. It provides the much need sensory experiences needed by the learners for an effective and meaningful behavioural change. Instructional materials are meant to improve the quality of education for effective learning of students in schools. The performance of the students on the intended learning outcome provide the validation – loop on the success other interaction and instruction (Bakare1986).
In making use of any instructional materials factors that influence it must be considered, such materials must be previewed that is, having full knowledge of the material; prepare the environment where it will be used; prepare audience by means of making sure that the materials to be used will attract attention, arouse, motivate and provide the rationale that could be used in the beginning, middle or end. The effectiveness of utilizing appropriate instructional materials in teaching and learning of Social Studies is not void of quality instructor. In order to give quality education to the younger generation, there is need for employment of more competent, experienced and qualified Social Studies teachers. The need to identify the suitable instructional materials, by which students can be made to comprehend the extent of the subject easily and intelligibly, is the focus of this study. An in depth look at the secondary schools Social Studies programmes revealed that there is the need for improving all phases of the programmes (IMAA, 2004). For example, there is need for the introduction and use of instructional materials and equipments for use in both the classrooms and Social Studies Museum. The broad aim of any good training materials are to induce and support the learning process that leads to improve on-the-job performance through affecting changes in the knowledge, attitudes, skills and practices of the learners. With the above reasons, it is worth investigating the influence of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of Social Studies in our Secondary Schools, for better performance of students in their examination and chosen career in any field of life. If instructional materials are used in Secondary Schools, it would help improving the teaching and learning and hence the learning of students in Social Studies effectively.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Teaching and learning are two different things. They are informed by different things and engage its subjects and objects differently. The more this relation of teaching and learning are closing in gap and one smoothly completing the other, the more productive both are seeing that the one aims at giving while the other aims at receiving completely. However, often times the teaching methods doesn’t align with the learning methods and since it is the job of the former to fashion itself after the needs and pace of the latter, teachers have to device different workable instructional materials that will suit the student’s academic needs. This problem, the demand for additional teaching tools, is what this present research work has set out to engage. But its is going to be doing so in regards to the teaching of social studies.
Poor performance of Students in Social Studies Public Junior Secondary Schools in Ilorin West LGA may partly be attributed to poor usage or lack of sufficient instructional materials to teach social studies. Lemchi (2001) noted that some students are losing interest in the subject due to the attitudes of teachers towards teaching Social Studies without the use of instructional materials which tends to affect students’ performance in the subject. Research consistently shows that teacher usage of instructional materials is a powerful determinant of student achievement gains.
Many of the school authorities have very lukewarm attitudes over the provision of needed tools, equipments or materials required for effective Social Studies teaching. This non-challant attitude tends to retard genuine efforts of some teachers of Social Studies in the secondary schools (Bello, 2010). Inspite of the emphasis being placed on social studies as one of the integrated subjects in secondary schools. Hence, the prosecution of a functional education in relation to Social Studies in secondary schools still leaves much to be desired. In view of this difficulties, (Omeiza, 2011) opined that most teachers of Social Studies still resort to the theoretical method of teaching the subject (i.e explaining without an object to make learning real) which makes learning not interesting to learners. This undoubtedly, is contrary to the improvement of Social Studies education, which is greatly needed at this period of our development with emphasis on practical oriented learning (Mammudu, 1996).
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The major objective of this study is to determine the effect of instructional material in teaching and learning of social studies in Ilorin West LGA. The specific objectives are to:
1. Identify the level of availability of instructional materials being used for teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Ilorin West LGA;
2. Examine the adequacy of the instructional materials used in teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Ilorin West LGA;
3. Determine the attitude of teachers towards the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Ilorin West LGA;
4. Examine the environmental factors influencing the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Ilorin West LGA;
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions were answered in the course of the study.
1. What are the available instructional materials used in the teaching and learning of social studies in Junior primary schools in Ilorin West LGA?
2. How adequate are the instructional materials used in teaching and learning of social studies in junior primary schools in Ilorin West LGA?
3. What is the attitude of teachers towards the use of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of social studies in junior primary schools in Ilorin West LGA?
4. What are the environmental factors influencing the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of social studies in junior primary schools in Ilorin West LGA?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
H01: The instructional materials used in teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Ilorin West LGA are not adequate.
H02: There is no significant relationship between environmental factors and the use of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Ilorin West LGA.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This research work is significant and useful in the teaching and learning of social studies. Subsequently, the findings from the study will help Social Studies teachers in choosing an appropriate instructional material(s) capable of releasing students’ tension towards the subject thus improving students’ learning in social studies. It will motivate Social Studies teachers to develop interest towards utilizing suitable teaching materials that will be a possible means towards reducing failure in the teaching and learning of social studies. Findings of this study will also help clarify among the teachers the need for continuous and regular improvisation of suitable instructional materials for teaching and learning of social studies.
Moreover, the results of this study will be of great significance to the Social Studies curriculum planners. The curriculum developers will find the work useful in reviewing the Social Studies curriculum by seriously laying emphasis on utilization of instructional materials so as to meet up with emerging needs of the society. This study will be of immense benefit to researchers in the field of Social Studies by forming a basis for further studies on the usage of instructional materials and teachers’ quality.
This study will also be of benefit to principal as they would understand more on where their Social Studies teachers’ ineffectiveness comes from in the area of instructional material usage and this would set the base for what they can do in order to help the teachers and hence improve their effectiveness toward influencing learners with the use of instructional materials.
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.7 Scope of the Study
While the object here namely instructional materials are relevant in teaching and learning up to university level where graphs are employed in lecturing, thus study will concentrate itself on the primary school level. The present writer recognizes that will greatly inform the areas that this research emphasizes.
On the scope of the study, the use of instructional materials studied here will focus on this use as it pertains to the subject of social studies.
1.8 Limitations of the study
The demanding schedule of respondents at work made it very difficult getting the respondents to participate in the survey. As a result, retrieving copies of questionnaire in timely fashion was very challenging. Also, the researcher is a student and therefore has limited time as well as resources in covering extensive literature available in conducting this research. Information provided by the researcher may not hold true for all businesses or organizations but is restricted to the selected organization used as a study in this research especially in the locality where this study is being conducted. Finally, the researcher is restricted only to the evidence provided by the participants in the research and therefore cannot determine the reliability and accuracy of the information provided.
Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Instructional Materials: These are all the tools employed by the teacher in order to ease the learning process and make it possible. This includes everything from textbooks which are designed in a way that the child can read and understand and further practice with.
Social Studies: This is a primary and secondary subject whose curriculum is designed to teach the child acceptable social behaviours and the consequences of going contrary to these codes of conducts.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Socialization which is the process of learning and inculcating the correct and acceptable ways of living in a particular society especially by children, is a practical exercise which are imbibed more unconsciously than consciously. The child learns faster when the teaching process engages all his senses rather than just one or at most two. Here we are looking at the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of social studies with a focus on primary schools.
The influence of instructional materials in promoting students’ teaching and learning in educational development is indisputable. Teaching at any level requires that the students be exposed to some form of simulation. Adekunle (2008) noted that an instructional material in social studies means anything that can assist the teacher in promoting teaching and learning. When the students are given the chance to learn through more senses than one, they can learn faster and easier. The use of instructional materials provides the teacher with interesting and compelling platforms for conveying information since they motivate learners to learn more. Furthermore the teacher is assisted in overcoming physical difficulties that could have hindered his effective presentation of a given topic.
Social studies was introduced into the Nigerian school system to achieve one of the philosophies of Nigerian education as indicated in the National Policy on Education which is “the development of the individual into a sound and effective citizen” (FGN, 2004). The realization of this objective through Social studies is possible since the subject is an integrated programme which are taught and learnt in Social studies looks at all aspects of the life of the child in the society. It is further stated in the National Policy on Education (2004) that education is to achieve the inculcation of national consciousness and national unity; the inculcation of the right type of values and attitudes for the survival of the individual and the Nigerian society. Therefore, Social Studies teaching has been a factor in determining whether a society will have democratic attitudes, values, problem-solving and decision-making skills and whether the society will consist of productive and participatory individuals (Ozturk and Otluoglu, 2002; Keeler, 2008). In Social Studies teaching, which is given such an important mission; it is possible to make the learning process easy, enduring and meaningful through the use of instructional materials. Orakwe (2000) refers to instructional materials as information repositories from the society sourced to transfer the desired information to the learners during classroom instruction. Agwu (2001) views Instructional Materials as those apparatus of teaching which may include textbooks, workbooks, charts, audio visual aids, chemicals, specimens and other relevant things that will attract students’ attention, and which should only be introduced at the appropriate time by the teacher.
Instructional materials are software and hardware that are used to make lessons more meaningful and clearer to learners. They are devises that appeal to multi model senses which help the learners conceive, perceive, internalize, interpret and transfer the experiences gained to similar or different learning situations. These materials and equipment, could be those that appeal to the sense of hearing-known as audio material/ equipment those of seeing called visual materials/equipment and those that combine the two senses called audio-visual materials.
The teacher alone cannot provide all the needed condition for an effective teaching and learning process, other supporting materials should be provided. The students learn better when most of the senses are appealed to the instruction and use of instructional materials in Social Studies education has added a new dimension in the positive promotion of the teaching and learning process. It provides the much need sensory experiences needed by the learners for an effective and meaningful behavioural change. Instructional materials are meant to improve the quality of education for effective learning of students in schools. The performance of the students on the intended learning outcome provide the validation – loop on the success other interaction and instruction (Bakare1986).
In making use of any instructional materials factors that influence it must be considered, such materials must be previewed that is, having full knowledge of the material; prepare the environment where it will be used; prepare audience by means of making sure that the materials to be used will attract attention, arouse, motivate and provide the rationale that could be used in the beginning, middle or end. The effectiveness of utilizing appropriate instructional materials in teaching and learning of Social Studies is not void of quality instructor. In order to give quality education to the younger generation, there is need for employment of more competent, experienced and qualified Social Studies teachers. The need to identify the suitable instructional materials, by which students can be made to comprehend the extent of the subject easily and intelligibly, is the focus of this study. An in depth look at the secondary schools Social Studies programmes revealed that there is the need for improving all phases of the programmes (IMAA, 2004). For example, there is need for the introduction and use of instructional materials and equipments for use in both the classrooms and Social Studies Museum. The broad aim of any good training materials are to induce and support the learning process that leads to improve on-the-job performance through affecting changes in the knowledge, attitudes, skills and practices of the learners. With the above reasons, it is worth investigating the influence of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of Social Studies in our Secondary Schools, for better performance of students in their examination and chosen career in any field of life. If instructional materials are used in Secondary Schools, it would help improving the teaching and learning and hence the learning of students in Social Studies effectively.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Teaching and learning are two different things. They are informed by different things and engage its subjects and objects differently. The more this relation of teaching and learning are closing in gap and one smoothly completing the other, the more productive both are seeing that the one aims at giving while the other aims at receiving completely. However, often times the teaching methods doesn’t align with the learning methods and since it is the job of the former to fashion itself after the needs and pace of the latter, teachers have to device different workable instructional materials that will suit the student’s academic needs. This problem, the demand for additional teaching tools, is what this present research work has set out to engage. But its is going to be doing so in regards to the teaching of social studies.
Poor performance of Students in Social Studies Public Junior Secondary Schools in Ilorin West LGA may partly be attributed to poor usage or lack of sufficient instructional materials to teach social studies. Lemchi (2001) noted that some students are losing interest in the subject due to the attitudes of teachers towards teaching Social Studies without the use of instructional materials which tends to affect students’ performance in the subject. Research consistently shows that teacher usage of instructional materials is a powerful determinant of student achievement gains.
Many of the school authorities have very lukewarm attitudes over the provision of needed tools, equipments or materials required for effective Social Studies teaching. This non-challant attitude tends to retard genuine efforts of some teachers of Social Studies in the secondary schools (Bello, 2010). Inspite of the emphasis being placed on social studies as one of the integrated subjects in secondary schools. Hence, the prosecution of a functional education in relation to Social Studies in secondary schools still leaves much to be desired. In view of this difficulties, (Omeiza, 2011) opined that most teachers of Social Studies still resort to the theoretical method of teaching the subject (i.e explaining without an object to make learning real) which makes learning not interesting to learners. This undoubtedly, is contrary to the improvement of Social Studies education, which is greatly needed at this period of our development with emphasis on practical oriented learning (Mammudu, 1996).
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The major objective of this study is to determine the effect of instructional material in teaching and learning of social studies in Ilorin West LGA. The specific objectives are to:
1. Identify the level of availability of instructional materials being used for teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Ilorin West LGA;
2. Examine the adequacy of the instructional materials used in teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Ilorin West LGA;
3. Determine the attitude of teachers towards the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Ilorin West LGA;
4. Examine the environmental factors influencing the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Ilorin West LGA;
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions were answered in the course of the study.
1. What are the available instructional materials used in the teaching and learning of social studies in Junior primary schools in Ilorin West LGA?
2. How adequate are the instructional materials used in teaching and learning of social studies in junior primary schools in Ilorin West LGA?
3. What is the attitude of teachers towards the use of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of social studies in junior primary schools in Ilorin West LGA?
4. What are the environmental factors influencing the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning of social studies in junior primary schools in Ilorin West LGA?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
H01: The instructional materials used in teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Ilorin West LGA are not adequate.
H02: There is no significant relationship between environmental factors and the use of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools in Ilorin West LGA.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This research work is significant and useful in the teaching and learning of social studies. Subsequently, the findings from the study will help Social Studies teachers in choosing an appropriate instructional material(s) capable of releasing students’ tension towards the subject thus improving students’ learning in social studies. It will motivate Social Studies teachers to develop interest towards utilizing suitable teaching materials that will be a possible means towards reducing failure in the teaching and learning of social studies. Findings of this study will also help clarify among the teachers the need for continuous and regular improvisation of suitable instructional materials for teaching and learning of social studies.
Moreover, the results of this study will be of great significance to the Social Studies curriculum planners. The curriculum developers will find the work useful in reviewing the Social Studies curriculum by seriously laying emphasis on utilization of instructional materials so as to meet up with emerging needs of the society. This study will be of immense benefit to researchers in the field of Social Studies by forming a basis for further studies on the usage of instructional materials and teachers’ quality.
This study will also be of benefit to principal as they would understand more on where their Social Studies teachers’ ineffectiveness comes from in the area of instructional material usage and this would set the base for what they can do in order to help the teachers and hence improve their effectiveness toward influencing learners with the use of instructional materials.
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.7 Scope of the Study
While the object here namely instructional materials are relevant in teaching and learning up to university level where graphs are employed in lecturing, thus study will concentrate itself on the primary school level. The present writer recognizes that will greatly inform the areas that this research emphasizes.
On the scope of the study, the use of instructional materials studied here will focus on this use as it pertains to the subject of social studies.
1.8 Limitations of the study
The demanding schedule of respondents at work made it very difficult getting the respondents to participate in the survey. As a result, retrieving copies of questionnaire in timely fashion was very challenging. Also, the researcher is a student and therefore has limited time as well as resources in covering extensive literature available in conducting this research. Information provided by the researcher may not hold true for all businesses or organizations but is restricted to the selected organization used as a study in this research especially in the locality where this study is being conducted. Finally, the researcher is restricted only to the evidence provided by the participants in the research and therefore cannot determine the reliability and accuracy of the information provided.
Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Instructional Materials: These are all the tools employed by the teacher in order to ease the learning process and make it possible. This includes everything from textbooks which are designed in a way that the child can read and understand and further practice with.
Social Studies: This is a primary and secondary subject whose curriculum is designed to teach the child acceptable social behaviours and the consequences of going contrary to these codes of conducts.
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