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THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTANT IN THE PROJECT EVALUATION IN THE OIL SECTOR...
ABSTRACT
This project work centres on the “Role of an accountant in project evaluation in the oil sector”. The objectives of this research work are to know whether project evaluation process have a better cash flow stream, to know what extent has project evaluation helped the oil sector and finally know if project evaluation and selection has improved the sector. In the course of this study, the researcher decided to use simple random sampling. The population of the study consist of 200 management staff as well as board of directors and a simple size of 100 was selected through random sampling method. The primary data collected were analyse using table schedule arithmetic differences in figure simple rate and also simple percentage. The finding reveals that project evaluation is a strong instrument for obtaining ivan from bank and other financial institutions. It further shows that the accountant uses project evaluations in project selection to make best project selection, in addition to choosing the best cash flow, it also provide the accountant with the best investment option in a company. Some of the recommendations are that the accountants should carry out project evaluation in every industry. Also is that they are advised to master the use of Net present value (NPV) technique in evaluating a project since it improves the time value of money. Further research on the topic is highly recommended as no knowledge is a waste.
THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTANT IN THE PROJECT EVALUATION IN THE OIL SECTOR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Background of the study
Statement of problem
Objective of the study
Significance of the study
Research Question
Formulation of Hypothesis
Scope of the study
Brief history of shell petroleum development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC)
Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
Research Question / Hypothesis theories
Current literature in theories mode Hypothesis and Research Question
The scope and nature of project evaluation
Cash flow implication and project evaluation
Corporate goal and investment decisions
The Role of the Accountant in project evaluation
The oil sector and project Evaluation
Summary of the literature review
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology
Design of the study
Area of the study
Population of the study
Sample method
Instrument for data collection
Validity of Reliability
Distribution and retrieval of instrument
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data presentation and Analysis
Analysis of data
Test of Hypothesis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, conclusion and Recommendation
Summary of findings
Conclusion
Recommendation
Limitations to the study
References
Appendix A
Appendix B
Questionnaires
THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTANT IN THE PROJECT EVALUATION IN THE OIL SECTOR
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
Project evaluation is of dual approachies vis-à-vis project and evaluation. Project has to do with investment decision which most of these decision have direct effect in future profitability of the organization either because they will result in an increase in revenue generation or they will bring about an increase in efficiency and cost effectiveness.
In the other hand, evaluation has to do with the analysis of the investment to see whether it will be worth while to take decision on it to go ahead with project’s expenditure. According to Aguolu, P.S.O (1997:6), investment decision are the use of funds on long term asset. What is needs in investment should be known before financing decision are to be taken. “A peculiar aspect of these is that they involve future benefits which are in many cases difficult to predict”. The investment decision of a firm are commonly known as “capital budgeting or capital expenditure decision”.
Aguolu, P.S.O, (1997:70) “states that capital budgeting decision is that financial decision which involves and outlays of funds in the present time with the expectation of future returns over a period of time”. He further sees project evaluation as one of the capital budgeting processes.
On this note, the accountant plays the role of evaluating the suitability and adaptation of the project in relation to profit maximization.
Also in evaluation, the project is expected to be measured on incremental basis what determines. The acceptance of a project is it’s changes (positive in the firms revenue, cost and tax strems). In constrast, cash flow that would be changed by the investment should be degraded.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
As a technical and creative aspect of human endeavour, project evaluation requires knowledge, experience and all the skills needed by a manager to perform job effectively. The accountant’s competence in project evaluation during his choice of a project for the organization is very significant.
In a free market economy, it is generally delivered that the investors pays for an investments or intrinsic value. The problem here is how can the accountant relate the future cash flow, the expected returns and the degrees of risks associated with the investment to the market economy.
Another problem the accountant may be faced with is the calculation formula, he will effectively use the evaluation formula so as to rationalize between theory and practice. These constraints will help us to investigate into the failure of project or why project brings in lower value of expected cash flow stream, even after being selected through the modern method of project evaluation.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Although the industry under study is a heavy and capital intensive sector and hence require a large sum of money to invest in any commitment of fund and such activities requires a thoroughful analysis to ascertain the validity of such project and the profitability of cash flow streasm. This work is aimed at
– Knowing the role of an accountant in project evaluation and selection.
– To ascertain the usefulness of project evaluation in determining the future cash flow stream of project.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The importance of every research work is to contribute to the existing knowledge. Therefore, this study will be important to entrepreneurs and managers of corporations in that it will guide them in decision taking / making on investments. Some of the importance also includes
– It will benefit financial analysis as a source of data collection
– It will equally benefit students as a research materials and other seekers of knowledge.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
For the purpose of these research, the researcher has decided to formulate some research questions that will serve as a guide and they are as follows:
3 Has project evaluation and selection helped in improving the corporate health of the organization.
1.6 FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
From the statement of the problems and objective of study, the following hypothesis are formed.
Ho: Does project evaluation process has better cash flow streams.
Hi: Does project evaluation process have a positive cash flow streams.
Hi: project evaluation and selection have a positive change in corporate health of the organization
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUADY
The critical goals of any project evaluation is to determine whether or not given projects are technically fensible, commercially viable economically desirable, managerially sound and financially profitable. The main trust is cost and benefit implications of the project.
1.8 BRIEF HISTORY OF SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT COMPANY OF NIGERIA LIMITED (SPDC)
The shell petroleum Development Company of Nigeria, (SPDC) is the largest oil and gas exploration and production company in Nigeria. It is the operator of a joint venture in which NNPC holds 55 percent and AGIP 5 percent The company was granted an exploration license in 1983 and discovered the first commercial oil field at Olvibiri in Niger-Delta in 1958 leading to the export of oil in 1958. the federal government acquired 55 percent of the company in 1973 forming the basic of the joint venture operation that persist till today. The company assumed its present day name in 1979. the percent joint operating agreement and memorandum of understanding were last revised in 1991.
Today, SPDC products are almost half of the country’s oil form more than 90 oil fields in the Niger Delta area. it also supplies 95 percent of the country’s commercial gas and its oil mining lease area of 31,000 square kilometers containing more than half the country’s oil and gas reserves. The sale of the company’s operation is massive involving an infrastructure of 6200 kilometers of pipeline, more than 100 wells, 87 production stations, 7 gas plants and two large oil terminals at forcados and Bony. The company is divided into two divisions, which are based in Warri in Delta State and Port-Harcourt in Rivers state with a small corporate centre in Lagos, these division operate with a high degree of autonomy and are running in each by a general manager who reports to the managing director in Lagos. SPDC has about 5000 staff of which 95 percent are Nigerians, the majority form the oil producing areas. In addition the company has another 80,000 contract staff mostly Nigerians.
SPDC supports a future development and progress for communities in the areas of operations and its aim is to work along side all communities in harmony. The company’s social investment programme dates back to the Igbo’s when it launched an agricultural initiative in Ogboni area. this spread out the Niger-Delta and beyond not only helping farmers by improving crop varieties and farming technique by setting them up in business through co-operatives. More recently, SPDC has been increasingly involved in development project in the fields of health educated and vocational training linking up with non-governemtnal organisatios, which have expertise in th3ese specialist areas. The company’s health progroamme involves refurbishing and re-equipping existing rural hospitals. SPDC also grant scholarship each year to students from oil producing communities and sponsors science teachers in rural schools in addition, the company is running vocational courses to unemployed youths to help them acquire skilsl set-up their own small business. all this, in addition to producing basic amenities including water schemes, roads, school, building and clinics etc
DEFINITION OF TERMS
PROJECT: Project simply means commitments of financial resources with future benefit expectation.
EVALUATION: It is the process fo analyzing the investment to see whether it will be found worth while to take decision on it to go ahead with the project expenditure.
CAPITAL BUDGETING: By this, it means the process of planning or purchase of assets whose returns are expected to continue beyond one year.
SPDC: Shell petroleum redevelopment Company of Nigeria
PROJECT EVALUATION: This means analyzing a given project which has to do with investment decision. To see whether it will be profitable to go ahead with project expenditure.
ACCOUNTANT: An accountant is seen as a manager who uses the accounting information to make financial decisions. In modern computers, an accountant makes uses of computer application in the computation process of accounting work for effectiveness of efficiency of accounting information .
OBJECTIVES OF FTHE STUDY
The objectives of the study are as follows:
ABSTRACT
This project work centres on the “Role of an accountant in project evaluation in the oil sector”. The objectives of this research work are to know whether project evaluation process have a better cash flow stream, to know what extent has project evaluation helped the oil sector and finally know if project evaluation and selection has improved the sector. In the course of this study, the researcher decided to use simple random sampling. The population of the study consist of 200 management staff as well as board of directors and a simple size of 100 was selected through random sampling method. The primary data collected were analyse using table schedule arithmetic differences in figure simple rate and also simple percentage. The finding reveals that project evaluation is a strong instrument for obtaining ivan from bank and other financial institutions. It further shows that the accountant uses project evaluations in project selection to make best project selection, in addition to choosing the best cash flow, it also provide the accountant with the best investment option in a company. Some of the recommendations are that the accountants should carry out project evaluation in every industry. Also is that they are advised to master the use of Net present value (NPV) technique in evaluating a project since it improves the time value of money. Further research on the topic is highly recommended as no knowledge is a waste.
THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTANT IN THE PROJECT EVALUATION IN THE OIL SECTOR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
Background of the study
Statement of problem
Objective of the study
Significance of the study
Research Question
Formulation of Hypothesis
Scope of the study
Brief history of shell petroleum development Company of Nigeria Limited (SPDC)
Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
Research Question / Hypothesis theories
Current literature in theories mode Hypothesis and Research Question
The scope and nature of project evaluation
Cash flow implication and project evaluation
Corporate goal and investment decisions
The Role of the Accountant in project evaluation
The oil sector and project Evaluation
Summary of the literature review
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology
Design of the study
Area of the study
Population of the study
Sample method
Instrument for data collection
Validity of Reliability
Distribution and retrieval of instrument
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data presentation and Analysis
Analysis of data
Test of Hypothesis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, conclusion and Recommendation
Summary of findings
Conclusion
Recommendation
Limitations to the study
References
Appendix A
Appendix B
Questionnaires
THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTANT IN THE PROJECT EVALUATION IN THE OIL SECTOR
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
Project evaluation is of dual approachies vis-à-vis project and evaluation. Project has to do with investment decision which most of these decision have direct effect in future profitability of the organization either because they will result in an increase in revenue generation or they will bring about an increase in efficiency and cost effectiveness.
In the other hand, evaluation has to do with the analysis of the investment to see whether it will be worth while to take decision on it to go ahead with project’s expenditure. According to Aguolu, P.S.O (1997:6), investment decision are the use of funds on long term asset. What is needs in investment should be known before financing decision are to be taken. “A peculiar aspect of these is that they involve future benefits which are in many cases difficult to predict”. The investment decision of a firm are commonly known as “capital budgeting or capital expenditure decision”.
Aguolu, P.S.O, (1997:70) “states that capital budgeting decision is that financial decision which involves and outlays of funds in the present time with the expectation of future returns over a period of time”. He further sees project evaluation as one of the capital budgeting processes.
On this note, the accountant plays the role of evaluating the suitability and adaptation of the project in relation to profit maximization.
Also in evaluation, the project is expected to be measured on incremental basis what determines. The acceptance of a project is it’s changes (positive in the firms revenue, cost and tax strems). In constrast, cash flow that would be changed by the investment should be degraded.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
As a technical and creative aspect of human endeavour, project evaluation requires knowledge, experience and all the skills needed by a manager to perform job effectively. The accountant’s competence in project evaluation during his choice of a project for the organization is very significant.
In a free market economy, it is generally delivered that the investors pays for an investments or intrinsic value. The problem here is how can the accountant relate the future cash flow, the expected returns and the degrees of risks associated with the investment to the market economy.
Another problem the accountant may be faced with is the calculation formula, he will effectively use the evaluation formula so as to rationalize between theory and practice. These constraints will help us to investigate into the failure of project or why project brings in lower value of expected cash flow stream, even after being selected through the modern method of project evaluation.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Although the industry under study is a heavy and capital intensive sector and hence require a large sum of money to invest in any commitment of fund and such activities requires a thoroughful analysis to ascertain the validity of such project and the profitability of cash flow streasm. This work is aimed at
– Knowing the role of an accountant in project evaluation and selection.
– To ascertain the usefulness of project evaluation in determining the future cash flow stream of project.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The importance of every research work is to contribute to the existing knowledge. Therefore, this study will be important to entrepreneurs and managers of corporations in that it will guide them in decision taking / making on investments. Some of the importance also includes
– It will benefit financial analysis as a source of data collection
– It will equally benefit students as a research materials and other seekers of knowledge.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
For the purpose of these research, the researcher has decided to formulate some research questions that will serve as a guide and they are as follows:
3 Has project evaluation and selection helped in improving the corporate health of the organization.
1.6 FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
From the statement of the problems and objective of study, the following hypothesis are formed.
Ho: Does project evaluation process has better cash flow streams.
Hi: Does project evaluation process have a positive cash flow streams.
Hi: project evaluation and selection have a positive change in corporate health of the organization
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUADY
The critical goals of any project evaluation is to determine whether or not given projects are technically fensible, commercially viable economically desirable, managerially sound and financially profitable. The main trust is cost and benefit implications of the project.
1.8 BRIEF HISTORY OF SHELL PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENT COMPANY OF NIGERIA LIMITED (SPDC)
The shell petroleum Development Company of Nigeria, (SPDC) is the largest oil and gas exploration and production company in Nigeria. It is the operator of a joint venture in which NNPC holds 55 percent and AGIP 5 percent The company was granted an exploration license in 1983 and discovered the first commercial oil field at Olvibiri in Niger-Delta in 1958 leading to the export of oil in 1958. the federal government acquired 55 percent of the company in 1973 forming the basic of the joint venture operation that persist till today. The company assumed its present day name in 1979. the percent joint operating agreement and memorandum of understanding were last revised in 1991.
Today, SPDC products are almost half of the country’s oil form more than 90 oil fields in the Niger Delta area. it also supplies 95 percent of the country’s commercial gas and its oil mining lease area of 31,000 square kilometers containing more than half the country’s oil and gas reserves. The sale of the company’s operation is massive involving an infrastructure of 6200 kilometers of pipeline, more than 100 wells, 87 production stations, 7 gas plants and two large oil terminals at forcados and Bony. The company is divided into two divisions, which are based in Warri in Delta State and Port-Harcourt in Rivers state with a small corporate centre in Lagos, these division operate with a high degree of autonomy and are running in each by a general manager who reports to the managing director in Lagos. SPDC has about 5000 staff of which 95 percent are Nigerians, the majority form the oil producing areas. In addition the company has another 80,000 contract staff mostly Nigerians.
SPDC supports a future development and progress for communities in the areas of operations and its aim is to work along side all communities in harmony. The company’s social investment programme dates back to the Igbo’s when it launched an agricultural initiative in Ogboni area. this spread out the Niger-Delta and beyond not only helping farmers by improving crop varieties and farming technique by setting them up in business through co-operatives. More recently, SPDC has been increasingly involved in development project in the fields of health educated and vocational training linking up with non-governemtnal organisatios, which have expertise in th3ese specialist areas. The company’s health progroamme involves refurbishing and re-equipping existing rural hospitals. SPDC also grant scholarship each year to students from oil producing communities and sponsors science teachers in rural schools in addition, the company is running vocational courses to unemployed youths to help them acquire skilsl set-up their own small business. all this, in addition to producing basic amenities including water schemes, roads, school, building and clinics etc
DEFINITION OF TERMS
PROJECT: Project simply means commitments of financial resources with future benefit expectation.
EVALUATION: It is the process fo analyzing the investment to see whether it will be found worth while to take decision on it to go ahead with the project expenditure.
CAPITAL BUDGETING: By this, it means the process of planning or purchase of assets whose returns are expected to continue beyond one year.
SPDC: Shell petroleum redevelopment Company of Nigeria
PROJECT EVALUATION: This means analyzing a given project which has to do with investment decision. To see whether it will be profitable to go ahead with project expenditure.
ACCOUNTANT: An accountant is seen as a manager who uses the accounting information to make financial decisions. In modern computers, an accountant makes uses of computer application in the computation process of accounting work for effectiveness of efficiency of accounting information .
OBJECTIVES OF FTHE STUDY
The objectives of the study are as follows:
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