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THE EFFECTS OF HISTORICAL COST - ACCOUNTING ON THE REPORTED PROFIT OF A COMPANY,
ABSTRACT
This study evaluates the effect of historical cost accounting on the reported profit of a company: An evaluation of current cost accounting as an alternative reporting method. In a high – inflationary and distorted economy like Nigeria with high uncertainties, the conventional historical cost method of profit reporting has misled many companies into liquidation since it has been found inadequate in accounting for the uncertainties. The persistent nature of this phenomenon has called for a fair and suitable reporting method of profits in times like this. The profits retained by the company are affected by costs and appropriations of income. A higher cost will leave little income for appropriation and to be retained in the company. The amount of profit will depend on the reported method in operation. The historical cost method makes low depreciation to be charged while leaving high profit for tax and dividends payments. In the light of the above, the objectives of the study were to determine the nature of relationship between historical cost methods and reported profits of manufacturing companies in Nigeria, ascertain the extent to which current cost method affects the overstated profits made by manufacturing companies in Nigeria and to determine how current cost accounting can be used to remedy the inherent
deficiencies in the historical cost methods. An ex post facto research design was adopted in this study. The population of the study comprises forty-eight ( 48) manufacturing companies in Nigeria under 24 industrial classifications. Financial statements of these companies are published annually for public consumption. But due to time lag, ten(10) manufacturing companies quoted in the first tier securities market were randomly
selected . Secondary sources of data were used in the study. The data were obtained from the statistical bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria and Annual Reports of the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Depreciation charge served as the independent variables while Profits of the firm served as the dependent variables and were used to measure the profitability, capital adequacy ratio and improvement of shareholders` equity in the selected sampled manufacturing companies. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was
employed to test the hypotheses one while Chi-Square were employed to test the hypotheses two and three. These were done at the alpha level of 5% with the aid of the SPSS 17.0 statistical software. The results of the study discovered that there is a positive significant relationship between historical cost method and the reported profits of companies in Nigeria , Current cost methods does not significantly affects the overstated profits made by these companies and the study recommended that: there should appropriate decision for current cost accounting method to be adopted so as to improve their capital maintenance level, and there should be further research on the causes of further research on the effect on historical cost accounting on the reported profits of companies in Nigeria.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The major objective of any business organization is to make profits and continue in business, but what they face in the course of doing their business and the method of accounting they use in reporting their profits may make this noble objective to be unrealistic particularly during the inflationary period.
Inflation in Nigeria in the last one decade has seriously distorted and created uncertainties in the economy to the extent that there has been economic and productivity decline, infrastructural and institutional decay, high poverty level, low investors confidence, wide spread of corruption, high exchange rate, depreciation of domestic currency, high rate of unemployment, high debt profile, general fall in the purchasing power of naira, high level
of crime rate leading to cost of business operations, fall in industrial capacity utilization to about 20 percent, price instability, decline in GDP and growth and general increase in cost of living. Inflation rate in the last 14 years shows thus: 1997: 8.5, 1998:10.0, 1999:6.6, 2000:6.9, 2001:18.9, 2002:12.9, 2003: 14.0, 2004:15.0, 2005:16.5, 2006:13.5, 2007:10.5, 2008:5.4, 2009:11.6, 2010:11.5, 2011:13.9. Federal Office of Statistics (2005), Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Report (2006), and www.indexmundi.com/Nigeria/inflation-rate-CIAworldfactbook(2011). The economic and environmental uncertainties in the Nigerian economy have made business in Nigeria to be constantly under serious threat especially the inflationary trend which has now become a noticeable phenomenon. This has also called for; or caused changes in the value of our currency in which accountants and even the accounting bodies find difficult to agree.
ABSTRACT
This study evaluates the effect of historical cost accounting on the reported profit of a company: An evaluation of current cost accounting as an alternative reporting method. In a high – inflationary and distorted economy like Nigeria with high uncertainties, the conventional historical cost method of profit reporting has misled many companies into liquidation since it has been found inadequate in accounting for the uncertainties. The persistent nature of this phenomenon has called for a fair and suitable reporting method of profits in times like this. The profits retained by the company are affected by costs and appropriations of income. A higher cost will leave little income for appropriation and to be retained in the company. The amount of profit will depend on the reported method in operation. The historical cost method makes low depreciation to be charged while leaving high profit for tax and dividends payments. In the light of the above, the objectives of the study were to determine the nature of relationship between historical cost methods and reported profits of manufacturing companies in Nigeria, ascertain the extent to which current cost method affects the overstated profits made by manufacturing companies in Nigeria and to determine how current cost accounting can be used to remedy the inherent
deficiencies in the historical cost methods. An ex post facto research design was adopted in this study. The population of the study comprises forty-eight ( 48) manufacturing companies in Nigeria under 24 industrial classifications. Financial statements of these companies are published annually for public consumption. But due to time lag, ten(10) manufacturing companies quoted in the first tier securities market were randomly
selected . Secondary sources of data were used in the study. The data were obtained from the statistical bulletin of the Central Bank of Nigeria and Annual Reports of the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Depreciation charge served as the independent variables while Profits of the firm served as the dependent variables and were used to measure the profitability, capital adequacy ratio and improvement of shareholders` equity in the selected sampled manufacturing companies. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was
employed to test the hypotheses one while Chi-Square were employed to test the hypotheses two and three. These were done at the alpha level of 5% with the aid of the SPSS 17.0 statistical software. The results of the study discovered that there is a positive significant relationship between historical cost method and the reported profits of companies in Nigeria , Current cost methods does not significantly affects the overstated profits made by these companies and the study recommended that: there should appropriate decision for current cost accounting method to be adopted so as to improve their capital maintenance level, and there should be further research on the causes of further research on the effect on historical cost accounting on the reported profits of companies in Nigeria.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The major objective of any business organization is to make profits and continue in business, but what they face in the course of doing their business and the method of accounting they use in reporting their profits may make this noble objective to be unrealistic particularly during the inflationary period.
Inflation in Nigeria in the last one decade has seriously distorted and created uncertainties in the economy to the extent that there has been economic and productivity decline, infrastructural and institutional decay, high poverty level, low investors confidence, wide spread of corruption, high exchange rate, depreciation of domestic currency, high rate of unemployment, high debt profile, general fall in the purchasing power of naira, high level
of crime rate leading to cost of business operations, fall in industrial capacity utilization to about 20 percent, price instability, decline in GDP and growth and general increase in cost of living. Inflation rate in the last 14 years shows thus: 1997: 8.5, 1998:10.0, 1999:6.6, 2000:6.9, 2001:18.9, 2002:12.9, 2003: 14.0, 2004:15.0, 2005:16.5, 2006:13.5, 2007:10.5, 2008:5.4, 2009:11.6, 2010:11.5, 2011:13.9. Federal Office of Statistics (2005), Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Report (2006), and www.indexmundi.com/Nigeria/inflation-rate-CIAworldfactbook(2011). The economic and environmental uncertainties in the Nigerian economy have made business in Nigeria to be constantly under serious threat especially the inflationary trend which has now become a noticeable phenomenon. This has also called for; or caused changes in the value of our currency in which accountants and even the accounting bodies find difficult to agree.
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