STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ROAD ACCIDENTS

This project is in compliance with one of the task, I have to shoulder in order to be awarded the Higher National Diploma Certificate in statistics department from Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu, during my final year in the Polytechnic 2004/2005 session  emphasizing on Statistical Analysis of Road Accident in Enugu from 1993 to 2000. Road accident has been of great social and economic concern.  It has became a total topic for scientific investigation.  The number of deaths on the road today, particularly on the major roads of rural-urban areas are what motivated me in writing this project. This study is essentially based on the Statistical Analysis of Road Accidents recorded in Enugu rural-urban roads from 1993 to 2000 with the objectives to; identify the causes of road accidents in Enugu and compare the attendant fatalities/deaths, ascertain whether the causes of road accidents are unrelated with vehicles, establish the trend of road accident over the years, investigate, whether there is any seasoned pattern of occurrence of road accident and trend and/or investigate whether there is any seasonal pattern of the attendant deaths and trend, and recommend methods or ways of reducing road accidents to the Enugu State government, the institutions concerned with traffic management and enforcement of the laws within the geo-political entity and the road users, and the federation in general. The project work is divided into five chapters.  Chapter one gives the introduction, socio-economic effects of road accidents, aims and objectives, scope and limitation, significance of the study, sources of data and the problems of the data collection.  Chapter two covers the literature review. Chapter three is concerned with the methodology.  Chapter four deals with the data presentation and analysis.  Finally, chapter five covers the findings, conclusion and recommendation on the way forward.
 
Road transportation is by far the commonest means of transportation in Nigeria when compared to other means like air, rail and water. The technology has made life easy compared to previous means of transportation such as the use of animals during the precolonial era. Nigerian economy despite its flaws, has afforded a large number of its populace the means to own cars making road traffic a major problem with grave disadvantages. In Nigeria, road accidents have been a disturbing phenomenon that has constituted a menace. It is generally believed but not statistically proven that the rate of road accidents in Nigeria has geometrically increased. Road accidents are caused by various reasons, ranging from carelessness on the part of the drivers to the deplorable nature of our roads. Put differently, Nigerian roads have become killing fields without protection for their users. Travelers heave a sigh of relief if they make their destinations.
The worrisome trend has tremendous negative impact on the nation’s health system as well as its social and economic aspirations. It was estimated that the total number of registered vehicles in Nigeria rose between 1990 – 2006 from 700,000 to 6,000,000 (Umar 2010). Despite the happiness this brought and change of quality of family lives associated with owning a vehicle, its possession has made so many families bereaved of their breadwinners or lovely ones due to unprecedented rate of road traffic accidents in Nigeria. According to the Federal Road Safety Commission, not less than 88,520 road users lost their lives between 1991 and 2000 alone, most victims being between 20-40 years.  There is need to view road accident as a very major issue requiring urgent attention aimed at preventing premature deaths, reducing the health, social and economic impacts it portends to the average Nigerian. This disturbing assertion will be the bedrock of our statistical study on road accidents in Nigeria.
1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In Nigeria today, the issue of road accidents has become a teething problem. There has been a major problem of the cardinal factors responsible for road accidents in Nigeria. Another problem is to know if accidents in Nigeria are related to sex, age and educational background of road users. There is also confusion as to the major causes of road accidents in Nigeria. The above problems have been our chief motivators in undertaking this statistical research work.
1.3   AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This study is aimed at establishing the following factors:
i.  To know if road accidents in Nigeria are gender based, that is, do female road users fall victim of road accidents than their male counterparts.
ii.  To equally know if road accidents in Nigeria are age based.
iii.  To ascertain if there is a statistically significant relationship between educational background and road accidents in Nigeria.
iv.  To know if record of road accidents in Nigeria has increased or not.
v.  To educate Nigerians and those interested in this study on the outcome of our research.
1.4   RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
HYPOTHESIS 1
H0: There is no significant relationship between age and road accidents in Nigeria.
H1: There is significant relationship between age and road accidents in Nigeria.
HYPOTHESIS 2
H0: There is no significant relationship between educational background and road accidents in Nigeria.
H1: There is significant relationship between educational background and road accidents in Nigeria.
HYPOTHESIS 3
H0: There is no significant relationship between gender and road accidents in Nigeria.
H1: There is significant relationship between gender and road accidents in Nigeria.
1.5   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
One major significance of this study is to educate millions of Nigerians on the main causes of road accidents and ways to prevent or reduce them on our roads. Another significance of this study is to know if the number of road accidents has increased overtime. Thirdly, to know if the reported number of road accidents in Nigeria is gender based and also to know if there is a relationship between educational background and road accidents in Nigeria. We are also interested in knowing the major causes of road accidents in Nigeria so as to educate the Nigeria populace.
1.6    SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
For the purpose of this study as the topic depicts, the scope of the essay will be focused on the statistical analysis on the causes of road accidents in Nigeria. To know the relationship between bio- data factors and road accidents in Nigeria, that is, knowing if there is a relationship between age, educational background and gender on road accidents in Nigeria.
1.7   LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
It is necessary to mention some of the limitation of this research work. One of the major limitations is in the getting relevant educational materials used in the research work. Another  limitation of this research work is the difficulty in obtaining relevant information in that a few of our values were missing but these missing values were not  statistical significant enough to be noticed. It is hoped that despite these limitations, the study would still be useful to Nigerians, organizations etc.
1.8    DEFINITION OF TERMS
Accident: An unpleasant event especially in a vehicle, that happens unexpectedly and causes injury or damage
Road accident: A traffic accident involving vehicles, pedestrians or cyclists.