POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND ELECTORAL VIOLENCE THAT OCCURRED IN THE SECOND REPUBLIC

POLITICAL LEADERSHIP AND ELECTORAL VIOLENCE THAT OCCURRED IN THE SECOND REPUBLIC
 
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This project will discuss the political leadership as well as attendant Electoral violence which marred the second republic.
It will look into the origin, manifestation and negative debilitating effects of electoral violence in the subsequent electoral contest in other preceding republic as well as possible ways to which this menace could be curbed in the polity.
In an attempt at discussing the problem that are experienced in democratic transition due to the roles played by political leaders which in most cases generates electoral violence, I will adopt some theories, postulations by scholars in trying to draw a correlation on the two dominant concept of political leadership and electoral violence which becomes the focal point of this research.
Moreover, a critical perusal shall be undertaken into specific cases of electoral violence as recorded in the seconds republic shall be systematically presented, from which analysis shall be carried out.
Distinctly, we shall also highlight the poetical party configuration and the extent to which factors as ethnicity and others play dominant role in the second republic, outside the sphere of political leadership.
We shall distinctly examine institutional are organizational roles in the Electoral processes of the seconds republic such as Federal Electoral Commission (FEDECO), the judiciary and the extent to which state power was utilized in the political and electoral processes.
1.2    STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
This project has as it central problem, to attempt a critique which prompt us to ask the following:
The question is prompted because the political leadership from the pedestrian of promotion of unity, justice, free, fair and unbiased election in the second republic, may not have lived to the expectations of the citizens.
1.3    OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The objective of study to this research shall include the following:
The research hypotheses for this project shall be
This study will be qualitative in the nature of its analysis.
It will be qualitatively undertaken due to the historical nature, and will mostly be descriptive, narrative and predictive in its report.
Based on this, the researcher will make use of both primary and secondary data which will be extensively extracted from the works of writer on the subject matter.
Sources of primary and secondary data will include, published and unpublished materials as textbooks, articles, newspapers, theses, academic paper, speeches, etc.
1.6    SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The research is justified on the following grounds:
1.7    THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Theoretical framework according to Obasi (1999) is a devise for adopting or applying the assumption, postulation and principles for the research problem. It involves linking the problem under investigation to the assumptions, postulation and principles of the theory.
In this project, the suitable theoretical framework applied to this work will be the Radical Political Economy Approach.
Studies have shown the centrality of economic concern on political outcome in Nigeria politics and the persistent pattern of electoral struggle.
The concern in view of electoral politics is, why has it been so violent and what factors have accounted for this?
While attempting a suitable explanation for the above question, the political economy of the nation is of critical importance in this regard.
Political economy simply explains the relationship between economic concern and its impact on political outcomes.
Implied in this research, the pursuit of immediate and future political gains, benefits and patronage influenced greatly political participation of leaders, supporters in the second republic, where material gains in form of contract, import license, appointment into key governmental positions were the logical outcome from participation.
Ken Post and Michael Vickers (1973) observed that for the Nigerian politician, “politics is the receipt of the largest possible benefit (wealth) in the shortest possible time”.
And as the state is the greatest source of wealth accumulation there is, therefore a desperate struggle to control state power because it is the chief route of access to state resources and opportunities of class formation.
Diamond (1988) adds “so long as the state looms, so large in the economic and social life of the country, the people will cheat and bribe and intimidate and even kill to get and keep control of the state.
It is argued that the political elite saw politics and the acquisition of state powers for wealth accumulation.
The strength of political economy on political events can be made more manifest while assessing the political behaviours and voting pattern in the 1983 presidential and gubernatorial election results.
The above exposition clearly posts, the politics of the second republic, here, the political elites saw politics as the acquisition of state power for wealth accumulation, and the control of state power which is equated with the allocation of state resources becomes the rationale for out throat competition which the second republic recorded.
Justifying the applicability of the Radical Political Economy Approach to this study, it becomes clear that it explains the intra party competition and political differences among the elites in the republic on the need for them to acquire power in public domain and use same as avenue to control and allocate state resources and accumulate wealth.
Scholars associated with the theory are but not limited to, Karl Marx, Claude Ake, Galvin Williams, Larry Diamond,  Post and Vickers.
The following concepts shall be understood in this context.
vi       Second Republic: Period in Nigeria’s Political history commencing from the 1st October 1979 to the 31stDecember 1983.