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Format: MS WORD
| Chapters: 1-5
| Pages: 70
INFLATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH OF NIGERIA: IMPLICATION FOR GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT 1999 – 2013..
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Rapid output growth and low inflation are the most common objectives of macroeconomic policy in both developed and developing economies. In Nigeria, the formulation and implementation of monetary policy by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) was aimed at maintaining price stability which is consistent with the achievement of sustainable economic growth. The monetary authority strives to achieve the governments overall inflation objective through effective monetary management, which entails setting intermediate and operating targets in tandem with the assumed targets for GDP growth, inflation rate and balance of payments.
The growing interest in price stability as a major goal of monetary policy is an acknowledgement of the observed phenomenon that high inflation disrupts the smooth functioning of a market economy. High inflation is known to have many adverse effects: it imposes welfare costs on the society; impedes efficient resource allocation by obscuring the signaling role of relative price changes; discourages savings and investment by creating uncertainty about future prices; inhibits financial development by making intermediation more costly; hits the poor excessively, because they do not hold financial assets that provide a hedge against inflation; and reduces a countrys international competitiveness by making its exports relatively more expensive, thus impacting negatively on the balance of payments, and perhaps more importantly, reduces long-term economic growth (See Ghosh and Phillips, 1998; Khan and Senhadji, 2001; Billi and Khan, 2008; Frimpong and Oteng-Abayie, 2010). Overall, businesses and households are thought to perform poorly in periods of high and unpredictable inflation, Barro (1996).
Most policymakers, however, agree that they should not allow inflation to fall below zero because the costs of deflation are thought to be high, Billi and Khan (2008). Even though some evidence suggests that moderate inflation helps in economic growth, Mubarik (2005), the overall weight of evidence so far clearly indicated that inflation is inimical to growth. Consequently, policymakers should aim at a low rate of inflation that maximizes general economic well-being.
A considerable amount of literature examining the relationship between inflation and economic growth in both developed and developing economies are available. However, several of those studies focused specifically on whether the relationship between inflation and long-run growth is negative and a nonlinear one – positive or nonexistent relationship at low rate of inflation but becomes negative at higher rates, see Fischer (1993) who first identified the relationship. If such a nonlinear relationship exists, then it should be possible, in principle, to estimate the inflexion point, or a threshold, at which the sign of the relationship between the two variables would switch. Consequently, Khan and Senhadji (2001) produced the threshold level for both developed and developing countries in a cross-country panel data framework. The authors arrived at a threshold level range of 11 - 12 per cent for developing countries, including Nigeria. Even though cross-country studies were justified based on their ability to generalize empirical findings, specific country studies can provide specific evidence relevant for the country under study, as Kremer et al. (2009) suggested that inflation threshold in non-industrial countries and the appropriate level of inflation target might be country-specific. This becomes necessary due to heterogeneous factors obtainable in different countries. Although Chimobi (2010) examined the relationship between inflation and growth in Nigeria, no attempt was made to provide an optimal inflation rate for policy decisions. Fabayo and Ajilore (2006) arrived at a threshold level of 6 per cent for Nigeria using annual data from 1999 – 2013. However, Bruno and Easterly (1998) argue that the negative relationship between inflation and growth, typically found in cross-country regressions, exists only in high frequency data and with extreme inflation observations, which Khan and Senhadji (2001) confirmed that the extent of the relationship is stronger at high frequencies.
1.2 Statement Of Problem
The effect of inflation and interest rate on economy growth in Nigeria is quite a serious problem. The country experiences on inflation is no longer the problem but the fact that inflation problem seems to have reached the crisis dimension. Changes in interest rate determines the rate of inflation. The nominal interest rate is a function of the real interest rate and inflationary expectation.
Since independence, we have been suffering from inflation and interest rate till central bank interned their new system abolished all control on interest rate and allow banks to fix their own interest rate.
1.3 Objective of the study
This research work titled “Inflation on economic growth of Nigeria: implication for gross National product 1999 – 2013” the specific objectives of this research work includes the following:
1. To examine the effect of inflation rate on the economic growth of Nigeria.
3. To evaluate the relationship between inflation and economic growth and development of Nigeria.
4. To examine the inflation rate at which inflation has affected on the gross national product of Nigeria.
1.4 Research Question
1. To what extent has inflation rate affected the economic growth of Nigeria?
2. What are the implications of inflation on the gross national product from 1999 to 2013?
3. Is there any relationship between inflation and economic growth and development of Nigeria?
4. To what extent has inflation rate affected on the gross national product of Nigeria?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The researcher formulated the following research hypothesis:
Ho: Inflation rate has no effect on the economic growth of Nigeria from 1999 to 2013.
H1: Inflation rate has affected the economic growth of Nigeria from 1999 to 2013.
Ho: Inflation has no implication on the gross national product of Nigeria from 1999 to 2013.
H1: Inflation has so many implications on the gross national product of Nigeria from 1999 to 2013.
Ho: There is no significant relationship between inflation and economic growth and development of Nigeria.
Ho: Inflation has not affected the gross national product of Nigeria from 1999 to 2013.
H1: Inflation has affected the gross national product of Nigeria from 1999 to 2013.
1.6 Significance of The Study
This research work will be of immense help to:
The Researcher: it will help the researcher to know more on the impact/effect of inflation on the growth of Nigeria.
It will also be of great importance to stake holders as it will enrich their knowledge on the relevance of inflation on the economy.
This study will equally be of help to companies and financial institutions, when they abide by the recommendations provided by the researcher, it will help them in time of decision making.
This study will be of great importance to the country Nigeria as it will help the policy makers in terms of enactment of law.
1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study shall focus on Inflation on economic growth of Nigeria: implication for gross National product 1999 – 2013.
The researcher in carrying out this study encountered numerous problems, which includes:
FUND – This included lack of enough fund to move around and visit the organizations, the researcher has to visit the organizations more than two times, the researcher equally needed enough money to source material which constitutes an impediment. High cost of transportation in the city due to long distance also imposed its own limitation on the researcher.
LACK OF RESEARCH MATERIALS: lack of research materials was also one of the problems faced by the researcher in the cause of this research work.
RESPONDS OF THE RESPONDENTS: Another constraint to the researcher is that some of the respondents found it difficult to express their view with regards to the subject matter.
From the above points the researcher tried her best to bring out in detailed study Inflation on economic growth of Nigeria: implication for gross National product 1999 – 2013 but the above constraints have limited the researcher to only Enugu state.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Rapid output growth and low inflation are the most common objectives of macroeconomic policy in both developed and developing economies. In Nigeria, the formulation and implementation of monetary policy by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) was aimed at maintaining price stability which is consistent with the achievement of sustainable economic growth. The monetary authority strives to achieve the governments overall inflation objective through effective monetary management, which entails setting intermediate and operating targets in tandem with the assumed targets for GDP growth, inflation rate and balance of payments.
The growing interest in price stability as a major goal of monetary policy is an acknowledgement of the observed phenomenon that high inflation disrupts the smooth functioning of a market economy. High inflation is known to have many adverse effects: it imposes welfare costs on the society; impedes efficient resource allocation by obscuring the signaling role of relative price changes; discourages savings and investment by creating uncertainty about future prices; inhibits financial development by making intermediation more costly; hits the poor excessively, because they do not hold financial assets that provide a hedge against inflation; and reduces a countrys international competitiveness by making its exports relatively more expensive, thus impacting negatively on the balance of payments, and perhaps more importantly, reduces long-term economic growth (See Ghosh and Phillips, 1998; Khan and Senhadji, 2001; Billi and Khan, 2008; Frimpong and Oteng-Abayie, 2010). Overall, businesses and households are thought to perform poorly in periods of high and unpredictable inflation, Barro (1996).
Most policymakers, however, agree that they should not allow inflation to fall below zero because the costs of deflation are thought to be high, Billi and Khan (2008). Even though some evidence suggests that moderate inflation helps in economic growth, Mubarik (2005), the overall weight of evidence so far clearly indicated that inflation is inimical to growth. Consequently, policymakers should aim at a low rate of inflation that maximizes general economic well-being.
A considerable amount of literature examining the relationship between inflation and economic growth in both developed and developing economies are available. However, several of those studies focused specifically on whether the relationship between inflation and long-run growth is negative and a nonlinear one – positive or nonexistent relationship at low rate of inflation but becomes negative at higher rates, see Fischer (1993) who first identified the relationship. If such a nonlinear relationship exists, then it should be possible, in principle, to estimate the inflexion point, or a threshold, at which the sign of the relationship between the two variables would switch. Consequently, Khan and Senhadji (2001) produced the threshold level for both developed and developing countries in a cross-country panel data framework. The authors arrived at a threshold level range of 11 - 12 per cent for developing countries, including Nigeria. Even though cross-country studies were justified based on their ability to generalize empirical findings, specific country studies can provide specific evidence relevant for the country under study, as Kremer et al. (2009) suggested that inflation threshold in non-industrial countries and the appropriate level of inflation target might be country-specific. This becomes necessary due to heterogeneous factors obtainable in different countries. Although Chimobi (2010) examined the relationship between inflation and growth in Nigeria, no attempt was made to provide an optimal inflation rate for policy decisions. Fabayo and Ajilore (2006) arrived at a threshold level of 6 per cent for Nigeria using annual data from 1999 – 2013. However, Bruno and Easterly (1998) argue that the negative relationship between inflation and growth, typically found in cross-country regressions, exists only in high frequency data and with extreme inflation observations, which Khan and Senhadji (2001) confirmed that the extent of the relationship is stronger at high frequencies.
1.2 Statement Of Problem
The effect of inflation and interest rate on economy growth in Nigeria is quite a serious problem. The country experiences on inflation is no longer the problem but the fact that inflation problem seems to have reached the crisis dimension. Changes in interest rate determines the rate of inflation. The nominal interest rate is a function of the real interest rate and inflationary expectation.
Since independence, we have been suffering from inflation and interest rate till central bank interned their new system abolished all control on interest rate and allow banks to fix their own interest rate.
1.3 Objective of the study
This research work titled “Inflation on economic growth of Nigeria: implication for gross National product 1999 – 2013” the specific objectives of this research work includes the following:
1. To examine the effect of inflation rate on the economic growth of Nigeria.
3. To evaluate the relationship between inflation and economic growth and development of Nigeria.
4. To examine the inflation rate at which inflation has affected on the gross national product of Nigeria.
1.4 Research Question
1. To what extent has inflation rate affected the economic growth of Nigeria?
2. What are the implications of inflation on the gross national product from 1999 to 2013?
3. Is there any relationship between inflation and economic growth and development of Nigeria?
4. To what extent has inflation rate affected on the gross national product of Nigeria?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
The researcher formulated the following research hypothesis:
Ho: Inflation rate has no effect on the economic growth of Nigeria from 1999 to 2013.
H1: Inflation rate has affected the economic growth of Nigeria from 1999 to 2013.
Ho: Inflation has no implication on the gross national product of Nigeria from 1999 to 2013.
H1: Inflation has so many implications on the gross national product of Nigeria from 1999 to 2013.
Ho: There is no significant relationship between inflation and economic growth and development of Nigeria.
Ho: Inflation has not affected the gross national product of Nigeria from 1999 to 2013.
H1: Inflation has affected the gross national product of Nigeria from 1999 to 2013.
1.6 Significance of The Study
This research work will be of immense help to:
The Researcher: it will help the researcher to know more on the impact/effect of inflation on the growth of Nigeria.
It will also be of great importance to stake holders as it will enrich their knowledge on the relevance of inflation on the economy.
This study will equally be of help to companies and financial institutions, when they abide by the recommendations provided by the researcher, it will help them in time of decision making.
This study will be of great importance to the country Nigeria as it will help the policy makers in terms of enactment of law.
1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study shall focus on Inflation on economic growth of Nigeria: implication for gross National product 1999 – 2013.
The researcher in carrying out this study encountered numerous problems, which includes:
FUND – This included lack of enough fund to move around and visit the organizations, the researcher has to visit the organizations more than two times, the researcher equally needed enough money to source material which constitutes an impediment. High cost of transportation in the city due to long distance also imposed its own limitation on the researcher.
LACK OF RESEARCH MATERIALS: lack of research materials was also one of the problems faced by the researcher in the cause of this research work.
RESPONDS OF THE RESPONDENTS: Another constraint to the researcher is that some of the respondents found it difficult to express their view with regards to the subject matter.
From the above points the researcher tried her best to bring out in detailed study Inflation on economic growth of Nigeria: implication for gross National product 1999 – 2013 but the above constraints have limited the researcher to only Enugu state.
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