EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND EMOTIONAL LABOUR AS DETERMINANT OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AMONG PUBLIC SERVANTS

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1      Background of the Study
The Workplace is an environment for upgrading, improving and reforming the traits related to emotional intelligence competencies such as perception and control of emotions. Emotional intelligence is an important forecaster of key organizational outcomes including job satisfaction, organizational commitment among civil servants. A person who is able to understand and is aware of one's own feelings, and controls stress, negative emotions, and feeling of frustration, can certainly have better relationships with colleagues and supervisors, which ends in increasing job satisfaction, organizational commitment and better job performance (Bernard). Emotional intelligence explains the ability to perceive, control and evaluate emotions.In 1990, researchers defined emotional intelligence as the subset of social intelligence which involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions. It is believed that emotional intelligence can be learned and strengthened, while others believe it is an inborn trait.Some emotional and social competencies are important in the workplace,which include adjustment in the face of the problems, self-management, interpersonal effectiveness, discussion skills in the face of different opinions and disagreement.
Emotional intelligence improves the performance of the organizations, and has an important role in productivity and effectiveness of the organizations; therefore, employees with high emotional intelligence are considered invaluable assets (Yagazie: 2000). Public service by nature is a service-oriented organization. Governmental activities are allotted to the ministries who in turn are expected to deliver services to the public. Thus, as service providers, the ministries are always in constant touch with the members of the public. This interaction goes a long way in the public perception and assessment of government performance. No matter how unpleasant their job is, public servants have to keep their feelings under control in order to safeguard, the interest of their employer. It is at this point that emotional labour comes in. Emotional labor is a requirement of a job that employees display required emotions toward customers or others. More specifically, emotional labor comes into play during communication between worker and citizen and between worker and worker (Wikipedia).
Emotional labour holds that employees should display emotions that comply with certain expression norms or rules of the organization which help to create desired state of mind in the customer. By this, employees are expected to appear happy, nice and glad when rendering service to their customers regardless of any private misgivings or any different feelings they may have. Organizational commitment is considered an important forecaster for some positive and negative outcome variables. Employees with strong effective commitment to the organization perform better than those with lower levels of effective commitment. It is positively related with employees’ motivation, job performance, and job satisfaction, and negatively related with absenteeism and turnover, as well as stress. 
Uncommitted employees not only had the lowest level of acceptance of organizational values, but they also felt alienated from the organization. (Scarborough and Somers, 2006) Salovey and Mayer (1990, p. 189) define emotional intelligence as“the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and action.” Human resources who have the ability to communicate with each other effectively can lead the organization toward success and effectiveness. Therefore, individuals recruited in the organizations should be aware of and understand emotions in the self while knowing that they are, what they believe in, what they say, what they think, how they make decisions, how not to get angry, how to control one's emotions in different conditions, and how to act with others. In such a situation, they will be able to recognize and control emotions in others.   
1.2      Statement of the Problem 
Employees with high emotional intelligence confront low occupational stress in their job environment, yet employees with low emotional intelligence have less self-awareness, and as a result, in the face of difficult conditions, they are not able to cope with their feelings and have too much stress which, in turn, has a negative influence on their job satisfaction and commitment.   
1.3      Objectives of the study 
The main objective of this study is 
1. To examine emotional intelligence and emotional labour as determinant of organizational commitment among public servants. 
2. To investigate the effect of emotional intelligence and emotional labour. 
3. To look at the predictability of emotional labour from the combination of emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and organizational commitment.   
1.4      Research questions 
1.  In spite of economic, hierarchical, and management problems in an organizations, especially in the public organizations, can emotional intelligence be a solution for increasing job satisfaction and organizational commitment and diminishing occupational stress in the workplace? 
2.  Are there other factors and variables having mediatory roles in the effects of emotional intelligence on organizational outcomes such as organizational commitment? 
3.  What is the pattern of relationship among emotional intelligence, self-efficacy,pay satisfaction and emotional labour? 
4.  What is the overall effects of emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and pay satisfaction on emotional labour?     
1.5   Research hypotheses 
Hypothesis 1
Ho:  There is no significant negative relationship between emotional intelligence and emotional labour. 
Hi:  There is significant negative relationship between emotional intelligence and emotional labour. 
Hypothesis 2
Ho: Employees with strong effective commitment to the organization do not perform better than those with lower levels of effective commitment. 
Hi:  Employees with strong effective commitment to the organization perform better than those with lower levels of effective commitment. 
1.6      Significance of the study 
This study will help and teach individuals recruited in the organizations to be aware of and understand emotions in the self while knowing that they are what they believe in, what they say, what they think, how they make decisions, how not to get angry, how to control one's emotions in different conditions, and how to act with others. 2. The study will teach staff, individuals how to able to recognize and control emotions in others. 
1.7   Scope/Limitations of the study 
This study on emotional intelligence and emotional labour as determinant of organizational commitment among public servants. 
Limitations of study 
1.        Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview). 
2.        Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work. 
1.8   Definition of Terms 
Emotional intelligence:defined emotional intelligence as the subset of social intelligence which involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions. 
Emotional Labour: Emotional labor is a requirement of a job that employees display required emotions toward customers or others. 
Public Servant: Is a service which is provided by government to people living within its jurisdiction, either directly (through the public sector) or by financing provision of services.Organization:the act or process of organizing.Organizational commitment:is a concept that has to do with the degree of commitment and loyalty that employees exhibit toward employers.Commitment: the act of committing.                                         

REFERENCES 
Ashforth, B.E. & Humphrey, R.H. (1993). Emotion in the workplace: A reappraisal. Human Relations, 48, 2, 97-125.  
Ashforth, B.E. & Humphrey, R.H. (1993). Emotional labour in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18, 1, 88-15.   
Bandura, A. (1990). Reflection on non-ability determinants of competence.In R.J. Sternberg & J. KolligianJr (Eds.), Competences Considered (pp. 315-362). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.   
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.   
Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of personality. In L.A. Pervin and O.P. John (Eds.) Handbook of Personality (pp. 194-196). New York: the Guilford Press.